Two properties decide how well a reflective roof coating performs: solar reflectance and thermal emissivity.
Solar reflectance is how much sunlight a surface bounces back instead of soaking up. Ordinary white paint manages 70 to 80% when new, then fades fast as it gets dirty and chalks. A good reflective coating starts above 90% and stays there, thanks to its pigments and an anti-UV topcoat.
Thermal emissivity is how readily the surface sheds the little heat it does absorb, as infrared. The best coatings clear 0.90.
Put the two together and you get the SRI (Solar Reflectance Index) — the ASTM E1980 number the industry rates coatings by. CovaTherm 20 comes in at SRI 119 new, and 118 after accelerated aging in a QUV chamber. On a peak summer day a dark roof can hit 70 to 80 °C; a reflective one stays about ten degrees above the air temperature, so far less heat ever reaches the building.